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Concept that spreads from person to person via the Internet

An Internet meme, more than commonly known simply as a meme ( MEEM ), is an idea, beliefs, image, or mode that is spread via the Internet, often through social media platforms. What is considered a meme may vary across unlike communities on the Cyberspace and is subject to change over time. Traditionally, they were a concept or catchphrase, but the concept has since become broader and more multi-faceted, evolving to include more elaborate structures such as challenges, GIFs, videos, and viral sensations.[i]

Internet memes are considered a part of Internet culture.[ane] They can spread from person to person via social networks, blogs, direct electronic mail, or news sources. Instant communication on the Internet facilitates word of rima oris transmission, resulting in fads and sensations that tend to grow rapidly. An example of such a fad is that of planking (lying downwards in public places); posting a photo of someone planking online brings attention to the fad and allows information technology to reach many people in little time. The Cyberspace also facilitates the rapid evolution of memes.

Ane hallmark of Internet memes is the appropriation of a function of broader culture; in particular, many memes use popular culture (peculiarly in prototype macros of other media), which tin sometimes lead to issues with copyright. Dank memes accept emerged every bit a new class of epitome-macros, and many mod memes take on inclusion of surreal, nonsensical, and non-sequitur themes.[2] Colloquially, the terms meme and Internet meme are used more loosely, having become umbrella terms for any piece of quickly-consumed comedic content that may non necessarily exist intended to spread or evolve.

Characteristics

There are two central attributes of Internet memes: creative reproduction of materials and intertextuality. Creative reproduction refers to "parodies, remixes, or mashups," and include notable examples such as "Hitler'south Downfall Parodies",[iii] and "Nyan Cat", among others. Intertextuality may be demonstrated through memes that combine dissimilar cultures; for example, a meme may combine Usa political leader Mitt Romney'due south assertion of the phrase "binders full of women" from a 2012 Usa presidential debate with the Korean pop song "Gangnam Fashion" by overlaying the politician's quote onto a frame from Psy's music video where paper blows effectually him. The intertextuality in the case gives new meaning to the paper bravado around Psy; the meme indexes intertextual practices in political and cultural discourses of two nations.[3]

The spread of Cyberspace memes has been described every bit occurring via two mechanisms: mimicry and remix. Remix occurs when the original meme is contradistinct in some mode, while mimicry occurs when the meme is recreated in a unlike style to the original.[four] [v] The results in the study of Online Memes, Affinities, and Cultural Product, prove that the internet directly adds some longevity in a meme's lifespan.[half-dozen]

There is no single format that memes must follow. Photographs of people or animals, especially stock photos, can be turned into memes past superimposing text, such as in Overly Attached Girlfriend. Rage comics are a subcategory of memes which depict a series of human emotions and conclude with a satirical punchline;[vii] the sources for these memes often come from webcomics. Other memes are purely viral sensations such every bit in Keyboard Cat.

Evolution and propagation

Typical format for image macros

An Internet meme may stay the same or may evolve over time, by chance or through commentary, imitations, parody, or by incorporating news accounts about itself. Internet memes spread online through influences such as popular culture.[viii] In addition, memes can be subjected to in-jokes within online communities such as Twitter, Tumblr, Facebook, YouTube, Reddit, and 4chan.[9] [eight] This refers to the memes in-groupness as it communicates an exclusive cultural knowledge unbeknown to full general users.[10] In common internet memes, there is a basis for cultural relevance in sure text and imagery associated with memes.[xi] [viii] [12] On the macro level, internet memes must exist encoded and decoded.[11] Through the spreading process, memes invokes studium and punctum memetrics.[11] Punctum is the aesthetic amalgamation to a piece of imagery, thus invoking a reaction.[xi] Information technology is the affect of the image.[11] In utilizing bear upon as a visual colloquial, internet memes create a culture of unspoken referential importance.[9] [eight] By using explicit cultural knowledge, internet memes provide affect as the emerging communication.[12] [xi] Studium is the entertaining aspect of net memes.[11] With the combination of studium and punctum memetrics, individuals perceive and spread memes from their cultural significance to types of memes.[8] [11]

Consequently, an internet meme tin also rapidly get 'unfashionable', losing its humorous qualities to certain audiences, ofttimes even well-nigh prevalently by its creator(s). Cyberspace memes usually are formed from some social interaction, pop culture reference, or situations people often detect themselves in. Their rapid growth and impact has defenseless the attention of both researchers and industry.[13] Academically, researchers model how they evolve and predict which memes volition survive and spread throughout the Spider web.[xiv] The phenomena of viral memes is a users to users experience the represents participatory culture on online platforms.[fifteen]

I empirical approach studied meme characteristics and behavior independently from the networks in which they propagated, and reached a set of conclusions concerning successful meme propagation.[16] For case, the written report asserted that Cyberspace memes not simply compete for viewer attention generally resulting in a shorter life, but likewise, through user creativity, memes can interact with each other and achieve greater survival.[16] Also, paradoxically, an individual meme that experiences a popularity peak significantly higher than its boilerplate popularity is non generally expected to survive unless it is unique, whereas a meme with no such popularity summit keeps being used together with other memes and thus has greater survivability.[16]

Multiple opposing studies on media psychology and advice have aimed to characterize and analyze the concept and representations in order to brand it accessible for the bookish research.[17] [18] Thus, Net memes tin be regarded as a unit of information which replicates via the Net. This unit tin replicate or mutate. This mutation instead of beingness generational[19] follows more a viral pattern,[20] giving the Net memes generally a brusque life. Other theoretical problems with the Internet memes are their behavior, their blazon of alter, and their teleology.[17]

Cyberspace memes have been examined past Dancygier and Vandelanotte in 2017 for aspects of cognitive linguistic and structure grammer. The authors analyzed some selective popular prototype macros like, Said no one ever, One does not simply, Simply that'due south none of my business, and Good Daughter Gina to draw attention to the constructionally, multimodality, viewpoint and intersubjectivity of these memes. They further argued that with the combination of text and images, the Internet memes tin can add to the functioning linguistic construction frame as well as create new linguistic constructions.[21]

Writing for The Washington Mail in 2013, Dominic Basulto asserted that with the growth of the Net and the practices of the marketing and advertizing industries, memes accept come to transmit fewer snippets of human civilisation that could survive for centuries as originally envisioned past Dawkins, and instead transmit banality at the expense of big ideas.[22]

History

Origins and early memes

An example of an image macro, a common type of Internet meme in the 2000s

The give-and-take meme was coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene as an try to explain how ideas replicate, mutate, and evolve (memetics).[nineteen] Emoticons are one of the outset resemblances of internet memes.[23] In 1982, Scott E. Fahlman introduced the sideways smiley face formed by punctuation marks, with an intention to create emotion and expressions with the utilise of digital imagery.[23] The concept of the Internet meme was start proposed by Mike Godwin in the June 1993 issue of Wired.[24] In 2013, Dawkins characterized an Internet meme equally being a meme deliberately altered by human creativity—distinguished from biological genes and his own pre-Internet concept of a meme, which involved mutation by random alter and spreading through accurate replication every bit in Darwinian selection.[25] Dawkins explained that Internet memes are thus a "hijacking of the original thought", the very idea of a meme having mutated and evolved in this new management.[26] Furthermore, Internet memes carry an additional belongings that ordinary memes do not: Cyberspace memes leave a footprint in the media through which they propagate (for example, social networks) that renders them traceable and analyzable.[xvi]

Internet memes grew as a concept in the mid-1990s. At the time, memes were but brusk clips that were shared between people in Usenet forums.[ citation needed ] Equally the Internet evolved, then did memes. Over the years, many memes have originated on the 4chan website, which have been described equally "the cradle of memes, trolling and alterculture"; major memes popularized by that site include lolcats as well as the pedobear.[27] : 74 When YouTube was released in 2005, video memes became pop. Around this fourth dimension, rickrolling became pop and the link to this video was sent around via email or other messaging sites. Video sharing too created memes such as "Decline for What" and the "Harlem Milk shake". Every bit social media websites such as Twitter and Facebook started appearing, it was now like shooting fish in a barrel to share GIFs and image macros to a large audition. Meme generator websites were created to permit users create their own memes out of existing templates. Memes during this time could remain popular for a long time, from a few months to a decade, which contrasts with the fast lifespan of modern memes.[28]

Early in the Internet'south history, memes were primarily spread via email or Usenet discussion communities. Messageboards and newsgroups were also popular considering they allowed a simple method for people to share information or memes with a diverse population of Net users in a curt menses. They encourage communication betwixt people, and thus between meme sets, that do not normally come in contact. Furthermore, they actively promote meme-sharing inside the messageboard or newsgroup population past asking for feedback, comments, opinions, etc. This format is what gave rise to early Internet memes, like the Hampster Trip the light fantastic.[29] Another cistron in the increased meme transmission observed over the Internet is its interactive nature. Print thing, radio, and television are all essentially passive experiences requiring the reader, listener, or viewer to perform all necessary cognitive processing; in contrast, the social nature of the Net allows phenomena to propagate more than readily. Many phenomena are as well spread via spider web search engines, Cyberspace forums, social networking services, social news sites, and video hosting services. Much of the Internet's ability to spread data is assisted from results found through search engines, which can permit users to discover memes even with obscure information.[xxx] [31]

The earlier forms of epitome based memes include the demotivator, image macro, photoshopped image, LOLCats, advice animal, and comic.[32] The Demotivator prototype includes a black groundwork with white, capitalized text, oftentimes in Times New Roman. The objective of using this format was to parodize inspirational and motivational posters, where the name "demotivator" is derived from.[32] Image macro consists of an prototype with white Impact font within a black border. The text/context of the meme is at the height and bottom of the image itself.[32] The photoshopped image is closely related to the macro image, but oft is created without the utilize of text, mostly edited with another image.[32] Advice animals contain a photoshopped image of an animal'southward head on top of a rainbow/color bicycle background. It includes the paradigm macro of the top and bottom text with Bear upon font.[32] LOLCats incorporate the pattern of paradigm macro and communication animals, but instead of only the cat's head, information technology is the unabridged movie unedited with height and bottom text, frequently with the usage of Cyberspace slang.[32] Comics follow a typical newspaper comic strip format; at that place are a multifariousness of different means to create one, as multiple images and texts can be used to create the overall meme. Rage comics such as Trollface were ofttimes used to create comic memes.[33] [34]

Mod memes

Modern Cyberspace meme on the bailiwick of Wikipedia and pages breaking when certain characters are removed. Internet memes sometimes correspond everyday problems.

Mod memes can more often than not be described every bit more visually (rather than contextually) humorous, absurd, niche, diverse and cocky-referential than earlier forms. Every bit a upshot, they are less intuitive and are less likely to be fully understood by a wider audition. By the mid-2010s, they began to arise first in the form of "dank" memes,[35] a sub-genre of memes unremarkably involving meme formats in a unlike way to the image macros that were in large employ before. The term "chilly", which means "a cold, clammy identify", was later adjusted by marijuana smokers to refer to high-quality marijuana, then became an ironic term for a type of meme, also becoming synonymous for "cool".[36] This term originally meant a meme that was significantly different from the norm simply is now used mainly to differentiate these mod types of memes from other, older types such every bit epitome macros.[ citation needed ] Dank memes tin as well refer to those which are "exceptionally unique or odd".[37] They have been described as "Net in-jokes" that are "and so played out that they become funny once again" or are "so nonsensical that they are hilarious".[38]

The formats are normally from popular tv shows, movies, or video games and users then add humorous text and images over it.[ citation needed ] The civilisation surrounding memes, specially dank memes, grew to the signal of the creation of many subcultures surrounding them. For example, a "meme market", satirizing on the kind of talks and stocks found ordinarily on Wall Street, was created in September 2016. Originally started on Reddit every bit r/MemeEconomy, people would merely jokingly "buy" or "sell" shares in a meme to point how popular a meme was thought to be. The market is seen equally a style to show how people assign value to commonplace and otherwise valueless things such as memes.[39]

1 example of a dank meme is "Who Killed Hannibal", which is fabricated of ii frames from a 2013 episode of The Eric Andre Evidence. The meme features the host Andre shooting his co-host Buress in the kickoff frame and so lamenting that his co-host has been shot in the next, with Andre frequently depicted blaming someone else for the shot. This was then adapted to other situations, such as baby boomers blaming millennials for problems that they allegedly caused.[twoscore]

Dank memes also stem from interesting real-life images that are shared or remixed many times. Then-called "moth" memes (often stylized as "möth") came virtually afterwards a Reddit user posted a close upwardly picture of a moth that they had institute outside their window onto the r/creepy subreddit.[41] The image became pop and began to be used in memes; co-ordinate to Chris Grinter, a lepidopterist from the California University of Sciences, moth memes gained recognition because of the inexplicability surrounding moths' attraction to lamps.[42]

Irony and absurdism

Instance of a "deep-fried" meme without whatever context. Surrealist and nonsensical themes are typical of modern memes.

Many modern memes stem from nonsense or otherwise unrelated phrases that are repeated and placed onto other formats. 1 instance of this is "they did surgery on a grape," from a video of a da Vinci Surgical Organization performing test surgery on a grape.[43] People sharing the post tended to add together the aforementioned caption to it ("they did surgery on a grape"), and eventually created a satirical image with several layers of captions on it. Memes such equally this one proceed to propagate every bit people outset to include the phrase in different, otherwise unrelated memes.[44] [45] [46]

The increasing trend towards irony in meme culture has resulted in absurdist memes not dissimilar postmodern art. Many Net memes accept several layers of meaning congenital off of other memes, not being understandable unless the viewer has seen all previous memes. "Deep-fried" memes, memes that have been distorted and run through several filters and/or layers of lossy compression, are often strange to one non familiar with them.[47] An example of these memes is the "E" meme, a moving-picture show of YouTuber Markiplier photoshopped onto Lord Farquaad from the film Shrek, photoshopped into a scene from businessman Mark Zuckerberg'south hearing in Congress.[48]

"Surreal" memes are based on the idea of increasing layers of irony so that they are not understandable by popular culture or corporations.[49] This foreign irony was discussed in the Washington Mail service article "Why is millennial humor so weird?" to show the disconnect from how millennials and other generations conceive of sense of humor;[fifty] the article itself too became a meme where people photoshopped examples of deep-fried and surreal memes onto the commodity to brand fun of the point of the article and the abstraction of meme culture.[51] Bogna Yard. Konior has described some memes every bit "surreal, fatalistic, and apocalyptic." Konior claims this tendency is the effect of grappling with insurmountable-seeming issues facing modern club, including social inequality and climatic change and "the insufficiency of politics at this moment of perceived crisis."[52]

Short-course video

After the success of the application Vine, a format of memes emerged in the course of short videos and scripted sketches.[53] Vine, in spite of its closure in early on 2017, has nonetheless retained relevance through uploads of viral vines in compilations onto other sharing social media sites such as Twitter and YouTube.[54] Since Vine'southward shutdown, the service TikTok has been described as a meliorate version of Vine and many comparisons take been made between the ii platforms;[55] also based on the upload of short-grade videos, TikTok, still, allows videos and memes up to three minutes in length rather than half-dozen seconds.[56]

The short-course videos created on sites like Vine and TikTok found use in being posted on other social media sites, such as Twitter, equally a class of reacting and responding to other posts. These videos get replicated into other contexts and oft become role of Internet civilization. An case of a TikTok meme is the cosplay by Nyannyancosplay juxtaposed to the musical rail "Mia Khalifa" by iLoveFriday. This meme became known as Striking or Miss.[57] Hitting or Miss has been referenced multiple times, including PewDiePie'due south 2018 Rewind as 1 of the nearly influential memes of the year aslope numerous other influential memes of the year.[58] PewDiePie's 2018 rewind video has been viewed over 83 meg times and has 9.5 one thousand thousand likes every bit of October 14, 2021. Hit or Miss has been remixed as well, including by other social media influencers such every bit Belle Delphine. SirKibbs' YouTube has uploaded a video of Belle Delphine and Kat (Nyannyancosplay) side-past-side comparison and has garnered over 4.4 million views as of Oct xiv, 2021.[59]

Marketing

Public relations, ad, and marketing professionals have embraced Internet memes as a form of viral marketing and guerrilla marketing to create marketing "fizz" for their product or service. The do of using memes to market place products or services is known as memetic marketing.[60] Cyberspace memes are seen as cost-effective, and because they are a (sometimes self-conscious) fad, they are therefore used equally a way to create an image of awareness or trendiness. To this end, businesses have taken to attempting two methods of using memes to increase publicity and sales of their company; either creating a meme or attempting to suit or perpetuate an existing i.[61] Examples of memetic marketing include the FreeCreditReport.com singing advertising campaign,[62] the "Nope, Chuck Testa" meme from an advertisement for taxidermist Chuck Testa, Wilford Brimley saying "Diabeetus" from Liberty Medical[ commendation needed ] and the Impaired Means to Die public annunciation advertizing campaign by Metro Trains Melbourne.

Marketers, for instance, use Internet memes to create interest in films that would otherwise not generate positive publicity among critics. The 2006 film Snakes on a Airplane generated much publicity via this method.[63] Used in the context of public relations, the term would be more of an advertizing buzzword than a proper Internet meme, although there is still an implication that the interest in the content is for purposes of trivia, ephemera, or frivolity rather than straightforward advertising and news.

Brands' use of memes has disadvantages when considering people's perception of a make. While effective utilise of a meme tin can lead to increased sales and attention, seemingly forced, unoriginal, or unfunny usage of memes can negatively impact the brand equally a whole.[64] For instance, the fast food company Wendy's began a social media approach in 2017 that heavily featured memes and was initially met with success, resulting in an almost 50% profit growth that year;[65] however, the strategy has also backfired when sharing memes that are controversial or otherwise negatively perceived by consumers.[66] [67]

Throughout the years, there have been media that used, were inspired by, or centered around diverse memes. The almost popular is Slender Man, a creepypasta meme that have been used in video games, films, and documentaries.[68] Another case is the popular culture novel Otaku Girl that used memes in its story, often every bit characters or antagonists, like Ultra-Instinct Shaggy and Big Chungus.[69]

By context

Finance

Meme stocks, a particular subset of Internet memes in general, are listed companies lauded for the social media buzz they create, rather than their operating operation.[seventy] r/wallstreetbets, a subreddit where participants talk over stock and selection trading, and the financial services visitor Robinhood Markets, became notable in 2021 for their involvement on the popularization and enhancement of meme stocks.[71] [72]

Politics

A comedic rendition of the Gadsden Flag, which pokes fun at the political position of those who utilize information technology, such every bit libertarians.[73]

Internet memes are a medium for communicating comical images and or phrases for mass online audiences.[23] As internet memes go a common means of online expression, they become quickly used past those seeking to express political opinions or to actively campaign for (or against) a political entity.[74] In some ways, they can be seen as a mod grade of the political drawing, offering up a manner to democratize political commentary.[75]

Elections

Early examples of political memes tin be seen from those resulting from the Dean Scream. Another example can be seen from MyDavidCameron.com, a website that immune users to change the text of a British Conservative ballot campaign affiche featuring David Cameron from the 2010 general ballot. This website was often used to produce memes that replaced the original slogan with a serial of exaggerated claims or sarcastic fake campaign promises along with derision of David Cameron's airbrushed appearance.

Inside each subsequent election, and the growing importance of visual communications due to the Internet and social media, memes have get a more of import element inside political campaigns as fringe communities have shaped broader soapbox through the use of Net memes.[76] For case, Ted Cruz's 2016 Republican presidential bid was damaged by Internet memes that speculated he was the Zodiac Killer.[77]

Another internet meme was created from the 2012 US presidential debate surrounding United states politician Mitt Romney's usage of the phrase "binders total of women". Net meme creators quickly created "My Binders Full of Women Exploded", referencing the Korean pop vocal "Gangnam style" by overlaying the politician's quote onto a frame from Psy's music video where paper blows around him. This internet meme specifically indexes the primal aspect of intertextuality past blending together pop culture with politics.[4]

There has further been academic research that provides evidence that the employ of memes during elections has a function to play in informing the public. In a written report of 378 Internet memes posted across Facebook during the 2017 full general ballot, McLoughlin and Southern found memes were a widely shared conduit for bones political data to audiences who oft did not seek it out.[78] Indeed, a 5th of all political memes posted during the election referenced a political policy which was office of a political parties mandate, while messages promoting people to vote were shared more than than 160,000 times, suggesting memes have a small role to play in increasing voter turnout.[78] Satirical memes that express political opinions are effective in not only informing others but also driving political debate and engagement with politics by offering an piece of cake and fifty-fifty fun way to talk virtually important problems.[79]

Some political campaigns have begun to explicitly taken advantage of the increasing influence of memes; every bit part of the 2020 US presidential entrada, Michael Bloomberg sponsored a number of Instagram accounts with over lx 1000000 commonage followers to mail service memes related to the Bloomberg campaign.[fourscore] Similar to criticisms against corporations who utilize meme marketing, the campaign was faulted for treating meme civilisation as an advertisement or something that can exist bought.[81]

The 2020 Presidential Campaign of Kanye Westward quickly became a meme, following its announcement on Twitter, with numerous celebrities and influencers endorsing the rapper out of irony. Other personalities began announcing their own satirical presidential campaigns, parodying West.[ citation needed ]

Internet memes provide significant contributions toward social issues.[11] Memetric structures take enabled social movements to become spreadable pieces of information.[11]

During the 2010 It Gets Ameliorate Project for LGTBQ+ empowerment, memes were continuously used to promote and uplift LGTBQ+ youth.[82] The Human Rights Campaign equal rights symbol became an net meme in defending the legalization of same sexual practice marriage.[83]

The Ice Bucket Challenge became a viral meme in promoting and raising money and sensation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[11]

The Occupy Wall Street (OWS) protest motility saw a rise in internet memes subsequently gaining attention on social media. All internet memes that were created and shared during the movement were very important in mediated discussions surrounding the OWS. Typical phrases such as "We Are the 99%" and "This is what republic looks like", were remixed into memes and subsequently posted in the discussion board of OWS on popular social media sites such as Reddit, Tumblr, and 4chan. Those who actively participated in the movement conversed through these visuals.[84]

Memes making political or social points are sometimes structured as ostensible thought experiments in various forms, such as, "What if A were B in state of affairs X?" and are framed to provoke a particular response. The conclusions intended, however, do not necessarily follow since there can be multiple factors determining the outcomes in situation X.[85]

Religion

Internet memes take also been used in the context of faith.[86] [87]

Copyright

The eligibility of any memes to get copyright protection depends on the copyright law of the country in which such protection is sought. Some of the nigh popular formats of memes include cinematographic stills, personal or stock photographs, rage comics, and illustrations meant to be a meme,[88] and the copyright implications differ for each of these dissimilar formats. There is precedent both for memes to be in violation of copyright and in other memes having copyrights of their ain.

If information technology is found that the meme has made use of a copyrighted piece of work, such equally the movie however or photograph without due permission from the original owner, it would amount to copyright infringement. Rage comics and memes created for the sole purpose of becoming memes would ordinarily exist original works of the creator and therefore, the question of infringing other copyright work does non ascend.[89] In a cinematographic still, part of the entire terminate product is taken out of context and presented solely for its face value. The however is by and large accompanied by a superimposed text of which conveys a distinctive idea or annotate, such as the Boromir meme[ninety] or "Gru'southward Plan".[91] This does non mean that all memes made from movie even so or photographs are infringing copyright. There are defenses available for such utilise in various jurisdictions which could exempt the meme from attracting liability for the infringement.

United States

Under U.s. copyright law, a creation receives copyright protection if information technology satisfies four atmospheric condition under 17 U.s.C. § 102.[92] For a meme to get copyright protection, information technology would accept to satisfy four weather:

  1. It falls under one of the categories of piece of work which is protected under the constabulary
  2. It is an "expression"
  3. It has a pocket-size amount of creativity
  4. It is "fixed".[93]

Memes can exist considered pictorial, graphical or motility motion picture, and so are subject to copyright law.[92] As such, memes are protected under copyright nether the same weather condition as these mediums, including concepts such as the low threshold of originality for what constitutes creativity (as demonstrated by Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co).[94] Since a meme is essentially a comment, satire, ridicule or expression of an emotion information technology constitutes the expression of an idea. Memes are contained in the medium of the Net and then are fixed expressions by 17 The statesC. § 101.[95]

Fair use

Fair use is a defense under U.S. copyright law which protects work that has fabricated using other copyrighted works.[96] The department provides that if a copyrighted work is reproduced "for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, didactics [...], scholarship or research", it would non amount to infringement. Notably, for memes, the use of the term "such as" in the section denotes that the list is not exhaustive simply merely illustrative. Furthermore, the factors mentioned in the section are subjective in nature and the weight of each factor varies on a case to instance basis.[97]

The 4 factors are:

  1. The purpose or character of utilize,
  2. The nature of the copyrighted work,
  3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used, and
  4. Effect on the marketplace.

Many memes are transformative in nature as they have no relation to the original work and the motive behind the advice of the meme is personal, in terms of disseminating humor to the public; such memes, beingness transformative, would be covered by fair use.[97] However, copying memes that are made for the sole purpose of being memes would non relish this protection as at that place is no transformation—the copying has the same purpose as the original meme which is to communicate humorous or entertaining anecdotes.[98] Purpose and character of employ weigh in confronting memes which have been used for commercial purposes because in those cases, the work has not been created for the communication of humor only for economic proceeds. For example, Grumpy True cat won $710,001 in a copyright lawsuit against the beverage visitor Grenade which used the Grumpy True cat paradigm on its roasted coffee line and t-shirts.[99]

The nature of the copyrighted work asks what the differences between the meme and the other material are. This factor applies to many types of memes because the original work is an artistic creation that has been published and thus the latter enjoys protection nether copyright which the memes are violating. However, as memes are transformative, this factor does not have much weight.[89]

The corporeality and substantiality of the portion used tests not only the quantity of the piece of work copied but the quality that is copied as well.[100] Memes re-create just a small portion of a complete picture show, whereas for rage comics and personal photographs, the entire portion has been used to create the meme. Despite this, all categories of memes could autumn under fair utilise considering the text that is added to those images adds value, without which information technology would just exist pictures.[97] Moreover, the heart of the work is non affected considering the nonetheless/picture is taken out of context and portrays something entirely dissimilar from what the paradigm originally wanted to draw.[101]

Lastly, the upshot on the market offers court analysis on whether the meme would cause damage to the actual market of the original copyright work and too the impairment information technology could cause to the potential market place.[102] The target audience for the original work and meme is entirely different every bit the latter is taken out of the context of the original and created for use and broadcasting on social media.[89] Rage comics and memes created for the purpose of being memes are an exception to this because the target audience for both is the aforementioned and copied work could infringe on the potential market of the original. Warner Brothers was sued for infringing the Nyan Cat meme by using it in its game Scribblenauts.[103]

NFTs

Some subjects of memes fabricated money from them through licensing deals. In 2021, in a new version of this concept several subjects of memes sold NFTs through auctions.[104] Ben Lashes, who managed numerous memes, said sales of these as NFTs had made $ii meg and established memes as serious art.[105] Ane example of how this idea works is the case of "Disaster Daughter", based on a photo of Zoe Roth at age 4 taken in Mebane, Due north Carolina in January 2005.[105] After the photo became famous and was used hundreds of times without permission, Roth decided to sell the original copy[106] as an NFT, for the equivalent of Usa$486,716.[107] The smart contract was programmed to requite the family x percent of proceeds when the NFT was sold.[106]

Republic of india

Under Section ii(c)[108] of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, a meme could be classified equally an 'artistic work' which states that an creative work includes painting, sculpture, drawing (including a diagram, map, chart or plan), an engraving or a photograph, whether or not any such work possesses creative quality.[93] The section uses the phrase "whether or non possessing artistic quality", the memes that are rage comics or those such as Keyboard Cat would relish protection as they are original creations in the form a painting, drawing, photograph or short video prune, despite not having artistic quality.[109] Memes that made from cinematograph even so or photographs, the original image in the background for the meme would besides be protected as the picture or the yet from the series/motion picture is an 'artistic work'.[88] These memes are a modification of that already existing creative work with some piddling corporeality of creativity and therefore, they would also savour copyright protection.

Fair dealing

India follows a fair dealing approach as an exception to copyright infringement under Section 52(1)(a) for the purposes of private or personal use, criticism or review.[110] The analysis requires three steps: the corporeality and substantiality of dealing, the purpose of copying, and the effect on potential markets.

The amount of sustainability of dealing asks nigh how much of the original work is used in the meme, or how the meme transforms the original content. A meme makes use to existing copyright work whether it is a cinematograph still, rage comic, personal photograph or a meme made for the purpose of being a meme. However, since a meme is made for comedic purposes, taken out of context of the original work, they are transforming the piece of work and creating a new work.[93]

The purpose of copying factors in the purpose of the meme compared to the purpose of the original work. Under Section 52(1)(a), the purpose is restricted to criticism or review.[110] A meme, as long equally it is a parody or a criticism of the original work would be protected under the exception, but in one case an chemical element of commercialization comes in, they would no longer be exempted and because the purpose no longer falls under the those mentioned in the section .[109] When the Indian comedic group All Bharat Bakchod (AIB) parodied Game of Thrones through a series of memes, the primary purpose was to annunciate products of companies that accept endorsed the group and thus was not fair dealing.[98]

Memes generally practise not have an effect on the potential marketplace for a work. There must be no intention on part of the infringer to compete with the original owner of the work and derive profits from it.[111] Since memes are generally meant for comedic value and take no intention to supplant the market place of the original creator, they autumn within the ambit of this section.[109]

Run into besides

  • Cliché
  • List of Internet phenomena
  • Pepe the Frog
  • Remix civilisation

References

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Further reading

  • Blackmore, Susan (March 16, 2000). The Meme Machine (Volume 25 of Pop Science Series ed.). Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 288. ISBN978-0-19-286212-9 . Retrieved November 30, 2012.
  • Shifman, Limor (November 8, 2013). Memes in Digital Civilization. MIT Press, 2013.
  • Wiggins, Bradley E. (September 22, 2014). How the Russia-Ukraine crunch became a magnet for memes. The Conversation. Theconversation.com
  • Wiggins, Bradley E.; Bowers, Yard. Bret (2014). "Memes equally genre: A Structurational Analysis of the Memescape". New Media & Society. 17 (11): 1886–1906. doi:10.1177/1461444814535194. S2CID 30729349.
  • Distin, Kate (2005). The Selfish Meme: A Disquisitional Reassessment. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge.

External links

  • Media related to Internet memes at Wikimedia Commons
  • Gary Marshall, The Internet and Memetics – academic article most Cyberspace and memes.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme

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